Comparative Analysis of Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma and Hydrolyzed Porcine Protein as Animal-Blood-Derived Protein Ingredients for Pet Nutrition.

Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and hydrolyzed porcine protein (HPP) are promising animal protein ingredients sourced from healthy animal blood that are rich in biomolecules, including immunoglobulins, and can be an appropriate and valuable animal protein ingredient to supply the growing need for ingredients that meet the natural needs of carnivorous pets. The aim of this preliminary study was to analyze the chemical composition and mineral profile of a novel HPP compared with results for SDPP. The basic composition analysis followed AOAC guidelines, and the elemental analysis utilized atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical comparisons employed an independent Student's t-test (p < 0.05). Both SDPP and HPP are low in moisture (<4.3%) and rich in protein, with SDPP significantly exceeding HPP (75.4% vs. 71.4%). They boast mineral richness indicated by crude ash content (12.7% and 12.5%), featuring Na, K, P, and the trace elements Mo, Fe, and Zn. Notably, SDPP contains elevated molybdenum levels (51.39 mg/100 g vs. 10.93 mg/100 g in HPP), an essential element for diverse animal functions. Quantifying these elements in raw materials aids in achieving optimal nutrient levels in the final product. The study underscores SDPP as an excellent protein source, confirming that its nutritional value is similar to or better than other protein components in pet food.

Technological Benefits Associated with the Use of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma in Fish-Based Chunks for Canned Pet Food.

Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) and wheat gluten (WG) are common binders in wet pet food that provide amino acids and energy, as well as texture and cohesiveness due to their gelling strength, water retention and fat emulsion properties. Binder use is a valuable tool especially in recipes based on ingredients with low technological properties such as fish by-products containing spines and scales and soft texture after cooking. Two basal recipes for chunks in gravy were produced to evaluate experimental treatments. One basal recipe used a mixture of salmon and tuna by-products as the only animal protein sources without binders or with a 20 g/kg inclusion of SDAP or WG. The other basal recipe mimicked a more typical commercial recipe containing meat animal ingredients and a 40 g/kg salmon by-product to develop experimental treatments with and 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40 g/kg inclusions of SDAP. Dry matter, protein, and viscosity were evaluated in raw emulsions. After a 1 h retorting at 121 °C, hardness was measured in emulsions and in cooked chunks, juiciness, and Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) were assessed. Results demonstrated the viability of producing quality chunks in gravy containing only fish by-products including 20 g/kg of SDAP, which significantly increased hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and juiciness. There was a positive linear correlation of increased SDAP inclusion rate in the commercial recipe for most of the quality parameters evaluated. Based on these results, the inclusion of SDAP in fish recipes can help manufacturers achieve technological quality control targets for commercial wet pet food and may help producers to successfully formulate new recipes for wet pet food products using fish by-products as the sole animal protein source.

Metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in spray-dried animal plasma using broiler chick and precision-fed rooster assays.

Four experiments were conducted to determine ME and amino acid (AA) digestibility of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) and soybean meal (SBM). The 48-h precision-fed adult rooster assay was used in 2 experiments; TMEn and standardized AA digestibility were determined using conventional and cecectomized roosters, respectively, 50 weeks of age and weighing approximately 2,200 g. Eight individually-caged roosters (4 per diet) were fasted for 26 h, then precision-fed 30 g of SDAP mixture (containing 50% corn) or SBM mixture (containing 50% corn). The TMEn and AA digestibility for SDAP and SBM were calculated by the difference procedure. The TMEn for SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM (3,743 and 2,669 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Similarly, mean AA digestibility of SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM (94 and 86%, respectively). Two assays were conducted using Ross male broilers to determine AMEn and apparent (AIAAD) and standardized (SIAAD) ileal AA digestibility of SDAP and SBM. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine AMEn; 126 chicks (6 replicate pens of 7 chicks) were fed a corn-SBM-based reference diet, a diet containing 30% SDAP, or a diet containing 30% SBM from d 7 to 10 and 18 to 21. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine AIAAD and SIAAD; 168 chicks (12 replicate pens of 7 chicks) were fed a semi-purified diet containing 25% SDAP or a semi-purified, isonitrogenous diet containing 41% SBM from d 7 to 10 and 18 to 21. The AMEn for SDAP was greater (P < 0.05) than SBM at d 10 (3,851 and 2,089 kcal/kg DM, respectively) and d 21 (4,239 and 2,849 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The second assay showed an increase (P < 0.05) in AIAAD and SIAAD for SDAP compared with SBM at d 10 (mean SIAAD for SDAP and SBM were 96% and 84%, respectively) and d 21 (97% and 87%, respectively). Regardless of assay or age, these results indicate SDAP is a highly digestible feed ingredient with high ME and AA digestibility.

Dietary Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Prevents Cognitive Decline in Senescent Mice and Reduces Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress.

BACKGROUND: Aging is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation that correlates with cognitive decline. Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) reduces immune activation in rodent models of inflammation and aging. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the anti-inflammatory properties of SDP could ameliorate age-related cognitive deterioration and preserve brain homeostasis in an aging mouse model of senescence. METHODS: Male senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used. In Experiment 1, cognitive performance (n  = 10-14 mice/group) was analyzed by the novel object recognition test in 2-mo-old mice (2M group) and in mice fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 8% SDP for 2 (4M-CTL and 4M-SDP groups) and 4 mo (6M-CTL and 6M-SDP groups). In Experiment 2, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and junctional proteins in brain tissue was assessed, as well as synaptic density, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory genes and proteins in mice from the 2M, 6M-CTL, and 6M-SDP groups ( n = 5-11). Statistical analyses included one-factor ANOVA followed by Fisher's posthoc test. RESULTS: 6M-SDP mice had better cognitive performance than 6M-CTL mice in both short-term (P = 0.024) and long-term (P = 0.017) memory tests. In brain tissue, 6M-SDP mice showed reduced brain capillary permeability (P = 0.034) and increased ZO1 and E-cadherin expression (both P <0.04) compared with 6M-CTL mice. SDP also prevented the NFκB activation observed in 6M-CTL mice (P = 0.002) and reduced Il6 expression and hydrogen peroxide concentration (both P <0.03) observed in 6M-CTL mice. SDP also increased the concentration of IL10 (P = 0.027), an anti-inflammatory cytokine correlated with memory preservation. CONCLUSIONS: In senescent SAMP8 mice, dietary supplementation with SDP attenuated cognitive decline and prevented changes in brain markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Dietary Animal Plasma Proteins Improve the Intestinal Immune Response in Senescent Mice.

Increased life expectancy has promoted research on healthy aging. Aging is accompanied by increased non-specific immune activation (inflammaging) which favors the appearance of several disorders. Here, we study whether dietary supplementation with spray-dried animal plasma (SDP), which has been shown to reduce the activation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in rodents challenged by S. aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), and can also prevent the effects of aging on immune system homeostasis. We first characterized GALT in a mouse model of accelerated senescence (SAMP8) at different ages (compared to mice resistant to accelerated senescence; SAMR1). Second, we analyzed the SDP effects on GALT response to an SEB challenge in SAMP8 mice. In GALT characterization, aging increased the cell number and the percentage of activated Th lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (all, p < 0.05), as well as the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in intestinal mucosa (both, p < 0.05). With respect to GALT response to the SEB challenge, young mice showed increased expression of intestinal IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as lymphocyte recruitment and activation (all, p < 0.05). However, the immune response of senescent mice to the SEB challenge was weak, since SEB did not change cell recruitment or the percentage of activated Th lymphocytes. Mice supplemented with SDP showed improved capacity to respond to the SEB challenge, similar to the response of the young mice. These results indicate that senescent mice have an impaired mucosal immune response characterized by unspecific GALT activation and a weak specific immune response. SDP supplementation reduces non-specific basal immune activation, allowing for the generation of specific responses.

Influence of the inclusion of spray-dried animal plasma in weanling pigs' diet on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) loads / Influência da inclusão do plasma sanguíneo na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a carga viral de circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2)

Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), a natural byproduct of the meatpacking industry, has been shown to have beneficial effects on growth and performance of weaned pigs. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an important virus that is disseminated in the pork industry. Regardless of the studies evaluating the possible transmission of PCV2 through SDAP, there is no information about the effects of its inclusion in the PCV2 loads in natural infections. The present investigation evaluated the influence of dietary inclusion levels of SDAP in weanling pigs on PCV2 viremia and humoral immune response. Fifty-six weaned piglets were fed in a 2-period feeding program. Dietary treatments included 0%, 2%, 4% or 6% and 0%, 1%, 2% or 3% of SDAP during period 1 (14 to 28 days old) and 2 (29 to 42-days old), respectively. In period 3 (42 to 56 days old), all piglets received a SDAP-free diet. Serum samples were collected weekly and tested for PCV2 antibodies and DNA load. The results show that the concentration of 6% and 3% of SDAP on feed offered for pigs during period 1 and 2, respectively, may have decreased the PCV2 loads.(AU)

O plasma sanguíneo em pó (PSP), produto natural de indústria frigorífica, tem mostrado efeitos benéficos sobre o crescimento e desempenho de leitões desmamados precocemente. Atualmente, embora o circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) tenha grande importância para a suinocultura, não há informações sobre o impacto do uso de PSP e a resposta imune ao PCV2 em infecções naturais. Este trabalho avaliou diferentes níveis de inclusão de PSP em dietas de leitões e as cargas virais de PCV2 correspondentes. Quatro níveis de inclusão de PSP foram testados em dois períodos consecutivos: 0, 2, 4 ou 6% durante o período 1 (14 aos 28 dias de idade) e 1, 2 ou 3% de PSP durante o período 2 (29 a 42 dias de idade). No período 3 (42 aos 56 dias de idade), todos os leitões foram alimentados com dieta isenta de PSP. Amostras de soro foram coletadas semanalmente e testadas para anticorpos anti-PCV2 e carga de DNA de PCV2. As concentrações de 6% e 3% de PSP fornecidas nas rações durante o período 1 e 2, respectivamente, influenciaram na carga viral de PCV2 de suínos naturalmente infectados.(AU)